Exploring the Milky Way's Proto-Galaxy: A Chemical and Structural Investigation Using APOGEE-Gaia

This study by Horta and Schiavon uses data from the APOGEE and Gaia surveys to investigate the Milky Way's proto-galaxy—its earliest stellar components. By analyzing the chemical compositions and distribution of ancient stars, the authors identify distinct populations, including those from the galaxy's main progenitor and from past mergers like Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus. Using a Plummer model, they estimate the mass of the proto-galaxy to be about 9.1 x 10^8 solar masses, providing insights into the early formation of the Milky Way and its structural evolution.